The Science of Instruction
"Every class, assignment, memory, and experience shapes the brain," Dr. Judy Willis (2020)
Science of Instruction
Resources: Learning, Instruction & Assessment
-
University of Arizona: The Learning to Learn Series
-
University of Arizona: Effective Strategies
-
Deans for Impact (2015). The Science of Learning. Austin, TX: Deans for Impact.
-
Retrieval.org: Unleash the Science of Learning
Interleaving
Articles
-
Rohrer, D., Dedrick, R.F., Hartwig, M.K., & Cheung, C.N. (2020). A randomized controlled trial of interleaved mathematics practice. Journal of Educational Psychology, 112(1), 40-52. doi:10.1037/edu0000367.
-
Rohrer, D. (2012). Interleaving helps students distinguish among similar concepts. Educational Psychology Review, 24, 355-367.
Videos
-
Smith, M., & Weinstein, Y. [The Learning Scientists]. (2016, September 25). Study strategies: Interleaving. [YouTube].
Feedback
Articles
-
Butler, A.C., Godbole, N., & Marsh, E.J. (2013). Explanation feedback is better than correct answer feedback for promoting transfer of learning. Journal of Educational Psychology, 105(2), 290-298. doi:10.1037/a0031026.
-
-
Webb, H. (2016). What does effective student feedback look like? Part I. The Voice for Secondary Education.
Books
-
Hattie, J. (2012). Visible Learning for Teachers: Maximizing Impact on Learning. Routledge.
Resources
-
The University of Sheffield has great resources on How to Optimize Feedback.
Retrieval Practice
Articles
-
Wiklund‐Hörnqvist, C, Stillesjö, S, Andersson, M, Jonsson, B, & Nyberg, L. (2021). Retrieval practice facilitates learning by strengthening processing in both the anterior and posterior hippocampus. Brain Behavior.
-
Karpicke, J. D. & Blunt, J.R. (2011). Retrieval practice produces more learning than elaborative studying with concept mapping. Science, 331(6018), 772-775.
-
Roediger, H.L. & Butler, A.C. (2011). The critical role of retrieval practice in long-term retention. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 15(1), 20-27.
Resources
-
The website RetrievalPractice.org contains excellent resources on retrieval, including this handy guide.
Spaced Practice
Articles
-
Kang, S.H. (2016). Spaced Repetition Promotes Efficient and Effective Learning: Policy Implications for Instruction. SAGE, 3(1), 12-19.
-
Carpenter, S.K., Cepeda, N.J., Rohrer, D., Kang, S.H.K., & Pashler, H. (2012). Using spacing to enhance diverse forms of learning: Review of recent research and implications for instruction. Educational Psychology Review, 24, 369-378.
-
Cepeda, N.J., Pashler, H., & Vul, E., Wixted, J., & Rohrer, D. (2006). Distributed practice in verbal recall tasks: A review and quantitative synthesis. Psychological Bulletin, 132(3), 354-380.
Reports
-
Thalheimer, W. (2006). Spacing learning events over time: What the research says. Work-Learning Research, Inc.
Video
-
McGraw-Hill PreK-12. (2019, August 5). Learning science 101: Spaced practice [YouTube].
Arts-Based Pedagogy
Books
-
Hardiman, M. (2012). The brain-targeted teaching model for 21st-Century schools. Corwin Press.